they have to be freed from serving Pharaoh. They move from bondage to a supposedly divine king to bonding with the sovereign God (Fretheim 1991a: 1). The two situations could not be more different. Pharaoh enslaves them against their will and subjects them to harsh servitude; YHWH invites the Israelites to submit voluntarily to his lordship over them, vowing to treat them as his ‘treasured possession’ (19:5). Pharaoh conscripts the Israelites to build store-cities using clay bricks; YHWH asks them
Page 3